Clutter is distracting. Your eyes and your brain have too many places
to wander. Photos, artwork, and pleasing decorations provide
stimulation that helps you stay in your focus zone. But piles of paper
and stacks of stuff are petty thieves that sap you of your attention.
Clutter is deferred decision making. Think about it for a moment.
What’s the real reason you don’t want to deal with that file, magazine
article, financial record, old letter, or child’s artwork? It’s
indecision, isn’t it? You don’t want to throw it away, but you don’t
want to commit to keeping it, either. So into a stack it goes.
It’s no problem to throw away junk mail. And it’s no problem keeping
records you’ll need for your tax returns. But what do you do with all
that stuff in between? You don’t know for sure. And because uncertainty
causes anxiety, you duck the decision by putting it off. “For now” you
can put it on that shelf over there.
We all know: Handle paperwork only once. Act on it, then file it or
toss it. But this is like saying, “Eat your vegetables.” The problem
isn’t knowing what to do; it’s doing what we know. This is true of
clearing all kinds of clutter — computer files, household items, even
social obligations. One way to improve is to understand the
psychological forces behind clutter and then outsmart them.
Loss Aversion
In 2002, Daniel Kahneman, PhD, shared the Nobel Prize in economics for
his work on human decision making under conditions of uncertainty. He
and Amos Tversky, PhD, conducted a series of experiments that showed how
emotions affect decisions, and how framing affects emotions.
Their findings showed that human beings demonstrate loss aversion. In
other words, people will risk more to avoid a loss than to realize a
gain. In one study, when given a hypothetical choice between getting
$3,000 with certainty or having an 80/20 chance of getting $4,000, about
80 percent of all respondents chose the sure $3,000. But when given the
same choice to lose $3,000 with certainty or take the same 80/20 chance
on losing $4,000, only 8 percent opted for the sure $3,000 loss. Most
people — in this case, 92 percent — didn’t want to face the moment when
they’d have to part with something of value, so they put it off and
hoped they wouldn’t have to do it at all.
Loss aversion helps explain the accumulation of clutter. We aren’t
certain what’s of value and what’s not. So we put the decision off, even
if we wind up losing more. We’ll give up our living space rather than
come face-to-face with the pang of throwing something away that we might
need later.
The Endowment Effect
Another force contributing to clutter is the endowment effect: Most
people who are given an object will instantly value it more than they
did before they received it and more than others value it.
The best-known demonstration of this effect is an experiment
conducted at Cornell University, in which researchers randomly gave
students either a mug or a chocolate bar, with identical market values.
Beforehand, the researchers had established that half of the students
preferred each item. Afterwards, they gave all the participants a chance
to trade. Only 10 percent made the swap, compared to the 50 percent
that would have been predicted strictly by economics theory.
The contents of your house have more value to you than they do to
anyone else—you chose them; you use them; they meet your individual
needs. According to the endowment effect, though, you value them for
reasons beyond the functions that they serve. You value them for the
simple reason that they are yours.
Fight Back by Reframing
Research on decision making shows that the way you phrase a question can
change the outcome you get. In one survey, people were willing to
accept inflation to reduce unemployment from 10 percent to 5 percent,
but not to increase employment from 90 to 95 percent. Our actions often
depend on the way choices are presented.
To clear clutter, reframe the questions you ask yourself when you’re
about to defer your decision. Think less about what you might lose if
you delete something, and more about what you certainly will gain:
space, order, and an efficient workspace.
Here’s some reassuring self-talk to get past the pangs of loss. Add your own, too:
- I’m creating space — to work, to relax, to breathe.
- When my desk is clear, my thinking is, too.
- I feel more relaxed when I can see open space in front of me.
- An orderly room, an orderly mind.
- I’ll save time looking for things.
- I like the feeling of knowing I can find what I need when I need it.
- I like feeling free. I own my things; they do not own me.
- ____________________________________________________
- ____________________________________________________
itself, and give it a positive connotation. For example, you can use
the metaphor of weight loss, which most of us regard as desirable. Try
these and add your own:
- I like to feel lean — in my body, my office, and my house.
- It takes months for me to shed extra pounds, but I can lose this weight in one afternoon.
- In my workspace, less is more.
- ____________________________________________________
In some ways, it’s harder to eliminate clutter at home, because of the
personal memories we attach to our things. How can we part with stuffed
animals, old greeting cards, and souvenirs when they connect us with
feelings we want to keep all our lives?
On one hand, digital technology is an enormous help. You can take
photos of keepsakes before you let them go. This is especially helpful
for children when they have to say good-bye to favorite toys that
they’ve outgrown. On the other hand, digital technology is responsible
for new forms of clutter. When cameras used film, you’d have about ten
photos of a special event. Now, by the time others send you their
digital photos of the event too, you have hundreds. As computer sizes
grow in gigabytes, digital clutter does too.
You can reduce digital clutter by sitting down, organizing your
files, making the best use of your software, and adding an external
drive. But giving up old books, tapes, and knickknacks requires a harder
kind of emotional letting go. You need to say goodbye to the experience
of holding those memories in your hands.
A useful reframing for clearing clutter at home is to make yourself
look forward, not backward, in time. The space you create is your living
space for the future. When you give your discards to charity, they’ll
do more good for someone else than they’re doing for you now. Think more
about where you’re going and less about where you’ve been.
Here’s some helpful self-talk for letting go of home clutter:
- These memories are in my heart, where they matter most.
- I trust in life to give me what I need to recall these feelings anytime I want.
- Someone else could use this much more than I can.
- I’m grateful I had this, and I look forward to what comes next.
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